An experienced programmer would likely see what we're trying to do and think of regular expressions because replacing non-alphanumeric characters with spaces is trivial using regular expressions. In fact, we could replace a lot of the things we're doing in this tutorial with code that has already been written by experts, including functions in the standard library such as toupper and strcmp. In fact, if I were tasked to write a program that counts the number of times a word shows up in a document, I would have used a lot more external code. Given that experts have written highly optimized code that will beat anything we'll cover in this tutorial, why are we reinventing wheels left and right if we're not even going to be using them in practice? Put simply, you have to have something round and roll it on the ground before you can understand a wheel. You might be expected to solve the integral manually in a Calculus class, but in any other class, you would look it up. At this part of the tutorial, we're not concerned with writing industry-grade code, we're just applying what we've already covered about C into making a non-trivial program. In general, you'll find that when learning new fields, you'll find yourself starting out neither at the fundamental rules of the field nor at the level of "just have a computer do it", but at a healthy middle where you can work to either end. Just as you start learning addition by memorizing 1 + 1 = 2 instead of discussing set theory or plugging numbers into a calculator, we will start in the middle and spread towards both ends. The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog. the thE tHE tHe THe THE ThE The There should be twenty-one instances of "the."